I have done some testing and here are the results. If I have missed something be sure to comment but test it out before you do so that we don't get useless guesses. I have tested things quite extensively. Things might change in the future. You also might be able to use something else besides the mentioned things but since all the aspects have something I am content with the list for now. Only vanilla and Thaumcraft stuff can boost the research right now. Extra Biomes XL and Twilight Forest are partially supported. The number of things to get maximum boost possible is mentioned in brackets, anything lower will usually get you a lower boost and if an aspect can't be boosted all the way to 5 the boost you can get is mentioned in brackets next to the aspect. You can combine different things to get the full boost for an aspect but the numbers here represent the amounts required when using that single item. The research table has a range of 10 blocks away from the scribing tool side of it to have the objects in.
So the list of things to boost aspects (open the spoiler):
Here is what I think is the cheapest (most realistic) solution to get everything:
Update 13.6.2013: Nothing has changed. The most recently added aspect Tempus doesn't have anything to boost it with. If you have found the boost for it let me know. No guessing, please, I have done a lot of that myself already.
Update 14.6.2013: Tested some things and sure enough they work. Thanks to MilConDoin for hinting me in the right direction. Too bad there weren't anything else but one special block type I found that worked which I had not thought about earlier.
Update 18.6.2013: Added shopping list for the full set of everything you should have.
So the list of things to boost aspects (open the spoiler):
Player has buff (any level):
Regeneration: Sano (1)
Poison: Venenum (1)
Night Vision: Visum (1)
Resistance: Tutamen (1)
Player has jumped (press jump key, stays active until logout): Volito (1)
Player missing health: Corpus (1)
Undead monsters (23): Animus, Malum, Mortuus (Malum and Mortuus max out with 15 monsters)
Creepers (15): Fractus, Mutatio
Spiders (15): Bestiola
Sheep (23): Bestia, Pannus
Other animals (23): Bestia
Villagers (14): Imperito, Permutatio (Permutatio maxed at 9)
Any Golems (9, vanilla also work): Telum, Tutamen
Blazes (15): Ignis
Medium (23) and large (15) Slimes and Magma Cubes (the detection seems buggy but these should be the numbers, better to have more just to be sure): Corpus
Research table at height of 192: Aura (3, bonus starts from 1 at 129)
Bedrock (46, have the research table at height of 14 or alternatively 113 in the Nether): Saxum, Solum, Tenebris
Research table open for sunlight (glass roof works): Lux (1)
Raining: Aer (1)
Nether Portal, End Portal, Mystcraft Portal, Twilight Forest Portal (9, the portal blocks themselves): Alienis, Vacuos
End Portal frame (9, exactly the whole End Portal): Alienis
Dragon Egg (2): Alienis, Malum, Praecantatio (4, bonus is 2 with one. Can't get 5 for some reason with just the eggs.)
Beacon (5): Lux, Imperito (Imperito stays at 4, similar issue as with Dragon Eggs)
Block of Emerald, Enchanting Table (5) / Brewing Stand (9): Praecantatio
Block of Iron (6): Metallum
Block of Gold (6): Carus
Block of Diamond (5): Carus, Vitreus
Bookshelf (9): Cognitio
Any head, Brain in a Jar (9): Cognitio, Malum
Warded Jar (14) / Wooden and stone Pressure Plate (23): Vinculum
Cake (18): Victus
Farmland (23): Messis
Crops on farmland, Sugar Canes, Cocoa Beans, Saplings, Lily Pad, Cinderpearl, Shimmerleaf, EBXL and Twilight Forest "tall grass", flowers (including toadstool) and saplings (23): Herba
Dead Bush (9): Mortuus
Chest (9): Vacuos
Water, Oil (23, source and flowing both count the same) / Cauldron (9, not Crucible): Aqua
Lava (23, same as water): Ignis, Saxum
Fire (9): Ignis
Redstone Dust (30) / Redstone Repeater (18): Machina, Potentia
Silverwood Log (30): Purus
Piston (15, sticky doesn't work): Motus
Wood (46, only vanilla logs): Lignum
Glass block (46): Vitreus
Glass Pane (46): Visum
Mushroom, Mushroom block (23): Fungus
Cobweb, Ectoplasm (23): Bestiola
TNT (18): Fractus, Ignis
Ice (23): Gelum
Flower, Rose (23): Flos
Anvil (9) / Crafting Table (23): Fabrico, Instrumentum
Jukebox (9): Sonus
Redstone Lamp (18): Lux
Monster Spawner (5, not Soul Shards' Soul Cage): Bestia, Fabrico, Vinculum
Regeneration: Sano (1)
Poison: Venenum (1)
Night Vision: Visum (1)
Resistance: Tutamen (1)
Player has jumped (press jump key, stays active until logout): Volito (1)
Player missing health: Corpus (1)
Undead monsters (23): Animus, Malum, Mortuus (Malum and Mortuus max out with 15 monsters)
Creepers (15): Fractus, Mutatio
Spiders (15): Bestiola
Sheep (23): Bestia, Pannus
Other animals (23): Bestia
Villagers (14): Imperito, Permutatio (Permutatio maxed at 9)
Any Golems (9, vanilla also work): Telum, Tutamen
Blazes (15): Ignis
Medium (23) and large (15) Slimes and Magma Cubes (the detection seems buggy but these should be the numbers, better to have more just to be sure): Corpus
Research table at height of 192: Aura (3, bonus starts from 1 at 129)
Bedrock (46, have the research table at height of 14 or alternatively 113 in the Nether): Saxum, Solum, Tenebris
Research table open for sunlight (glass roof works): Lux (1)
Raining: Aer (1)
Nether Portal, End Portal, Mystcraft Portal, Twilight Forest Portal (9, the portal blocks themselves): Alienis, Vacuos
End Portal frame (9, exactly the whole End Portal): Alienis
Dragon Egg (2): Alienis, Malum, Praecantatio (4, bonus is 2 with one. Can't get 5 for some reason with just the eggs.)
Beacon (5): Lux, Imperito (Imperito stays at 4, similar issue as with Dragon Eggs)
Block of Emerald, Enchanting Table (5) / Brewing Stand (9): Praecantatio
Block of Iron (6): Metallum
Block of Gold (6): Carus
Block of Diamond (5): Carus, Vitreus
Bookshelf (9): Cognitio
Any head, Brain in a Jar (9): Cognitio, Malum
Warded Jar (14) / Wooden and stone Pressure Plate (23): Vinculum
Cake (18): Victus
Farmland (23): Messis
Crops on farmland, Sugar Canes, Cocoa Beans, Saplings, Lily Pad, Cinderpearl, Shimmerleaf, EBXL and Twilight Forest "tall grass", flowers (including toadstool) and saplings (23): Herba
Dead Bush (9): Mortuus
Chest (9): Vacuos
Water, Oil (23, source and flowing both count the same) / Cauldron (9, not Crucible): Aqua
Lava (23, same as water): Ignis, Saxum
Fire (9): Ignis
Redstone Dust (30) / Redstone Repeater (18): Machina, Potentia
Silverwood Log (30): Purus
Piston (15, sticky doesn't work): Motus
Wood (46, only vanilla logs): Lignum
Glass block (46): Vitreus
Glass Pane (46): Visum
Mushroom, Mushroom block (23): Fungus
Cobweb, Ectoplasm (23): Bestiola
TNT (18): Fractus, Ignis
Ice (23): Gelum
Flower, Rose (23): Flos
Anvil (9) / Crafting Table (23): Fabrico, Instrumentum
Jukebox (9): Sonus
Redstone Lamp (18): Lux
Monster Spawner (5, not Soul Shards' Soul Cage): Bestia, Fabrico, Vinculum
Here is what I think is the cheapest (most realistic) solution to get everything:
Blocks
6 iron blocks
6 gold blocks
2 Nether portals
1 enchanting table (you should have this anyway)
7 brewing stands or 4 emerald blocks (whichever you can get easier)
18 cakes
23 farmland
23 planted crops on the farmland
1 source block of water flowing for 23 blocks total
1 lava doing the same as water
30 redstone dust
15 pistons
46 (oak) logs
30 silverwood logs
46 glass blocks
46 glass panes
23 mushrooms
23 ice blocks
23 flowers
1 anvil (again, not the absolute cheapest but you should have one)
20 crafting tables
9 jukeboxes
14 redstone lamps
9 brains in a jar or 9 mob heads (you can probably get mob heads earlier than the brain in a jar)
23 pressure plates (or 14 warded jars if you have them)
23 cobwebs or a (cave) spider spawner running to get 15 spiders
Mobs
14 villagers
9 snow golems (a bit of a pain, you need to be in a snow biome)
23 sheep
15 large or 23 medium slimes (swamp)
15 creepers (make a soul shard)
23 undead monsters (zombie or skeleton spawner)
Other
remember to jump (easy to forget if you're wearing a certain pair of boots, one jump is enough, though)
raining (this isn't used but you could potentially make a mystcraft age with eternal rain)
poisoned (tropical bees are very easy for this)
regeneration (imperial bees have this, you should be getting them anyway)
leave the table open for sunlight
One table at height of 192 for Aura and another table near bedrock (y=10 with flat bedrock) for Solum and Tenebris
6 iron blocks
6 gold blocks
2 Nether portals
1 enchanting table (you should have this anyway)
7 brewing stands or 4 emerald blocks (whichever you can get easier)
18 cakes
23 farmland
23 planted crops on the farmland
1 source block of water flowing for 23 blocks total
1 lava doing the same as water
30 redstone dust
15 pistons
46 (oak) logs
30 silverwood logs
46 glass blocks
46 glass panes
23 mushrooms
23 ice blocks
23 flowers
1 anvil (again, not the absolute cheapest but you should have one)
20 crafting tables
9 jukeboxes
14 redstone lamps
9 brains in a jar or 9 mob heads (you can probably get mob heads earlier than the brain in a jar)
23 pressure plates (or 14 warded jars if you have them)
23 cobwebs or a (cave) spider spawner running to get 15 spiders
Mobs
14 villagers
9 snow golems (a bit of a pain, you need to be in a snow biome)
23 sheep
15 large or 23 medium slimes (swamp)
15 creepers (make a soul shard)
23 undead monsters (zombie or skeleton spawner)
Other
remember to jump (easy to forget if you're wearing a certain pair of boots, one jump is enough, though)
raining (this isn't used but you could potentially make a mystcraft age with eternal rain)
poisoned (tropical bees are very easy for this)
regeneration (imperial bees have this, you should be getting them anyway)
leave the table open for sunlight
One table at height of 192 for Aura and another table near bedrock (y=10 with flat bedrock) for Solum and Tenebris
Update 13.6.2013: Nothing has changed. The most recently added aspect Tempus doesn't have anything to boost it with. If you have found the boost for it let me know. No guessing, please, I have done a lot of that myself already.
Update 14.6.2013: Tested some things and sure enough they work. Thanks to MilConDoin for hinting me in the right direction. Too bad there weren't anything else but one special block type I found that worked which I had not thought about earlier.
Update 18.6.2013: Added shopping list for the full set of everything you should have.