This is the equation posted to the railcraft wiki.
Heat Adjust Fuel Usage Per Tick = base + base * (8 - 8 * heat%)
Using that formula at 0 degrees you are actually using 9x fuel consumption.
Here is a quick breakdown of some numbers for HP boilers that cap out at 1000. (the fraction heated numbers are the same for both though so a LP boiler at 250 will be the same as a HP at 500, as both are halfway heated)
100 - start producing steam - 8.2 x fuel consumption
250 - 1/4 heated - 7x fuel consumption
500 - 1/2 heated - 5x fuel consumption
750 - 3/4 heated - 3x fuel consumption
1000 - fully heated - 1x fuel consumption.
From this we can obviously see that even at 3/4 of the way heated we are using huge amounts of fuel relative to what we will eventually need. When you go to start a boiler it is strongly in your best interest to have a bunch of spare fuel on hand to keep it going full bore till you hit max heat. Get your fuel production up first, and let it run a while before you start the boiler. If you are doing a large boiler (or even worse a large HP boiler) you are going to want a LOT of fuel on hand.
It is worth noting based on the other equation posted to the wiki (pasted below) both the high and low pressure boilers obtain the same fuel efficiency per steam at max heat (HP use twice the fuel, but produce twice the steam). Startup costs and space usage should be the factors you contemplate when deciding which to use.
Base Fuel Usage Per Tick (base) = ( (6.4 - numTanks * 0.08) / ( 16 LP or 8 HP ) ) * numTanks
and fkit, since I am doing math, base heat use per 10 steam (2 MJ): (fuel is consumed and steam is generated each tick ofc)
1 tank (1x1 firebox): .395 heat
12 tanks (2x2 firebox max): .34 heat ~14% reduction
36 tanks (3x3 firebox max): .24 heat ~40% reduction.
EDIT: AliasXNeo posted while I was writing it up with the equations, still leaving this up since it gives a few numbers for quick reference and analysis.